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Slackware Linux Essentials

January 5th, 2009
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Alan Hicks
Chris Lumens
David Cantrell
Logan Johnson

Copyright © 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Slackware Linux, Inc.

Slackware Linux is a registered trademark of Patrick Volkerding and Slackware Linux, Inc.

Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds.

America Online and AOL are registered trademarks of America Online, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.

Apple, FireWire, Mac, Macintosh, Mac OS, Quicktime, and TrueType are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries.

IBM, AIX, EtherJet, Netfinity, OS/2, PowerPC, PS/2, S/390, and ThinkPad are trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both.

IEEE, POSIX, and 802 are registered trademarks of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. in the United States.

Intel, Celeron, EtherExpress, i386, i486, Itanium, Pentium, and Xeon are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States and other countries.

Microsoft, IntelliMouse, MS-DOS, Outlook, Windows, Windows Media and Windows NT are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.

Netscape and the Netscape Navigator are registered trademarks of Netscape Communications Corporation in the U.S. and other countries.

Red Hat, RPM, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Red Hat, Inc. in the United States and other countries.

XFree86 is a trademark of The XFree86 Project, Inc.

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this document, and Slackware Linux, Inc. was aware of the trademark claim, the designations have been followed by the “™” or the “®” symbol.

1-57176-338-4

Table of Contents
Preface
1 An Introduction to Slackware Linux
1.1 What is Linux?
1.1.1 A Word on GNU
1.2 What is Slackware?
1.3 Open Source and Free Software
2 Help
2.1 System Help
2.1.1 man
2.1.2 The /usr/doc Directory
2.1.3 HOWTOs and mini-HOWTOs
2.2 Online Help
2.2.1 The Official Website and Help Forums
2.2.2 E-mail Support
2.2.3 Non-Official Websites and Help Forums
3 Installation
3.1 Getting Slackware
3.1.1 The Official Disc and Box Sets
3.1.2 Via the Internet
3.2 System Requirements
3.2.1 The Software Series
3.2.2 Installation Methods
3.2.3 Boot Disk
3.2.4 Root Disk
3.2.5 Supplemental Disk
3.2.6 Making the Disks
3.3 Partitioning
3.4 The setup Program
3.4.1 HELP
3.4.2 KEYMAP
3.4.3 ADDSWAP
3.4.4 TARGET
3.4.5 SOURCE
3.4.6 SELECT
3.4.7 INSTALL
3.4.8 CONFIGURE
4 System Configuration
4.1 System Overview
4.1.1 File System Layout
4.1.2 Finding Files
4.1.3 The /etc/rc.d Directory
4.2 Selecting a Kernel
4.2.1 The /kernels Directory on the Slackware CD-ROM
4.2.2 Compiling a Kernel from Source
4.2.3 Using Kernel Modules
5 Network Configuration
5.1 Introduction: netconfig is your friend.
5.2 Network Hardware Configuration
5.2.1 Loading Network Modules
5.2.2 LAN (10/100/1000Base-T and Base-2) cards
5.2.3 Modems
5.2.4 PCMCIA
5.3 TCP/IP Configuration
5.3.1 DHCP
5.3.2 Static IP
5.3.3 /etc/rc.d/rc.inet1.conf
5.3.4 /etc/resolv.conf
5.3.5 /etc/hosts
5.4 PPP
5.4.1 pppsetup
5.4.2 /etc/ppp
5.5 Wireless
5.5.1 Hardware Support
5.5.2 Configure the Wireless Settings
5.5.3 Configure the Network
5.6 Network File Systems
5.6.1 SMB/Samba/CIFS
5.6.2 Network File System (NFS)
6 X Configuration
6.1 xorgconfig
6.2 xorgsetup
6.3 xinitrc
6.4 xwmconfig
6.5 xdm
7 Booting
7.1 LILO
7.2 LOADLIN
7.3 Dual Booting
7.3.1 Windows
7.3.2 Linux
8 The Shell
8.1 Users
8.1.1 Logging In
8.1.2 Root: The Superuser
8.2 The Command Line
8.2.1 Running Programs
8.2.2 Wildcard Matching
8.2.3 Input/Output Redirection and Piping
8.3 The Bourne Again Shell (bash)
8.3.1 Environment Variables
8.3.2 Tab Completion
8.4 Virtual Terminals
8.4.1 Screen
9 Filesystem Structure
9.1 Ownership
9.2 Permissions
9.3 Links
9.4 Mounting Devices
9.4.1 fstab
9.4.2 mount and umount
9.5 NFS Mounts
10 Handling Files and Directories
10.1 Navigation : ls, cd, and pwd
10.1.1 ls
10.1.2 cd
10.1.3 pwd
10.2 Pagers: more, less, and most
10.2.1 more
10.2.2 less
10.2.3 most
10.3 Simple Output: cat and echo
10.3.1 cat
10.3.2 echo
10.4 Creation: touch and mkdir
10.4.1 touch
10.4.2 mkdir
10.5 Copy and Move
10.5.1 cp
10.5.2 mv
10.6 Deletion: rm and rmdir
10.6.1 rm
10.6.2 rmdir
10.7 Aliasing files with ln
11 Process Control
11.1 Backgrounding
11.2 Foregrounding
11.3 ps
11.4 kill
11.5 top
12 Essential System Administration
12.1 Users and Groups
12.1.1 Supplied Scripts
12.1.2 Changing Passwords
12.1.3 Changing User Information
12.2 Users and Groups, the Hard Way
12.3 Shutting Down Properly
13 Basic Network Commands
13.1 ping
13.2 traceroute
13.3 DNS Tools
13.3.1 host
13.3.2 nslookup
13.3.3 dig
13.4 finger
13.5 telnet
13.5.1 The other use of telnet
13.6 The Secure shell
13.7 email
13.7.1 pine
13.7.2 elm
13.7.3 mutt
13.7.4 nail
13.8 Browsers
13.8.1 lynx
13.8.2 links
13.8.3 wget
13.9 FTP Clients
13.9.1 ftp
13.9.2 ncftp
13.10 Talking to Other People
13.10.1 wall
13.10.2 talk
13.10.3 ytalk
14 Security
14.1 Disabling Services
14.1.1 Services started from inetd
14.1.2 Services started from init scripts
14.2 Host Access Control
14.2.1 iptables
14.2.2 tcpwrappers
14.3 Keeping Current
14.3.1 slackware-security mailing list
14.3.2 The /patches directory
15 Archive Files
15.1 gzip
15.2 bzip2
15.3 tar
15.4 zip
16 Vi
16.1 Starting vi
16.2 Modes
16.2.1 Command Mode
16.2.2 Insert Mode
16.3 Opening Files
16.4 Saving Files
16.5 Quitting vi
16.6 vi Configuration
16.7 Vi Keys
17 Emacs
17.1 Starting emacs
17.1.1 Command Keys
17.2 Buffers
17.3 Modes
17.3.1 Opening files
17.4 Basic Editing
17.5 Saving Files
17.5.1 Quitting Emacs
18 Slackware Package Management
18.1 Overview of Package Format
18.2 Package Utilities
18.2.1 pkgtool
18.2.2 installpkg
18.2.3 removepkg
18.2.4 upgradepkg
18.2.5 rpm2tgz/rpm2targz
18.3 Making Packages
18.3.1 explodepkg
18.3.2 makepkg
18.3.3 SlackBuild Scripts
18.4 Making Tags and Tagfiles (for setup)
19 ZipSlack
19.1 What is ZipSlack?
19.1.1 Advantages
19.1.2 Disadvantages
19.2 Getting ZipSlack
19.2.1 Installation
19.3 Booting ZipSlack
Glossary
A. The GNU General Public License
A.1. Preamble
A.2. TERMS AND CONDITIONS
A.3. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
List of Tables
2-1. Man Page Sections
3-1. Slackware Linux, Inc. Contact Information
3-2. System Requirements
3-3. Software Series
9-1. Octal Permission Values
13-1. ftp commands
16-1. Movement
16-2. Editing
16-3. Searching
16-4. Saving and Quitting
17-1. Basic Emacs Editing Commands
18-1. installpkg Options
18-2. removepkg Options
18-3. Tagfile Status Options
List of Figures
4-1. Kernel Configuration Menu
6-1. xorgconfig Mouse Configuration
6-2. xorgconfig Horizontal Sync
6-3. xorgconfig Vertical Sync
6-4. xorgconfig Video Card
6-5. Desktop Configuration with xorgconfig
7-1. liloconfig
7-2. liloconfig Expert Menu
11-1. Basic ps output
13-1. Telnetting to a webserver
13-2. The Pine main menu
13-3. Elm main screen
13-4. Mutt main screen
13-5. Lynx default start page
13-6. Links, with the file menu open
13-7. Two users in a talk session
13-8. Two users in a ytalk session
16-1. A vi session.
18-1. Pkgtool’s main menu.
18-2. Pkgtool view mode
List of Examples
8-1. Listing Environment Variables with set

Preface

Intended Audience

The Slackware Linux operating system is a powerful platform for Intel-based computers. It is designed to be stable, secure, and functional as both a high-end server and powerful workstation.

This book is designed to get you started with the Slackware Linux operating system. It’s not meant to cover every single aspect of the distribution, but rather to show what it is capable of and give you a basic working knowledge of the system.

As you gain experience with Slackware Linux, we hope you find this book to be a handy reference. We also hope you’ll lend it to all of your friends when they come asking about that cool Slackware Linux operating system you’re running.

While this book may not an edge-of-your-seat novel, we certainly tried to make it as entertaining as possible. With any luck, we’ll get a movie deal. Of course, we also hope you are able to learn from it and find it useful.

And now, on with the show.

Changes from the First Edition

This second edition is the culmination of years of hard work by the dedicated members of the Slackware Documentation Project. The following are the major changes in this new edition:

  • Chapter 3, Installation, has been modified with new screenshots of the installer, and reflects changes in disk-sets, and CD installation.

  • Chapter 4, System Configuration, has been updated with new information about Linux 2.6.x kernels.

  • Chapter 5, Network Configuration, has been expanded with further explanation of Samba, NFS, and DHCP. A section on wireless networking has also been added. This chapter now reflects major changes in how Slackware handles network setup.

  • Chapter 6, X Window System, has been substantially rewritten for Xorg based systems. This chapter now also covers the xdm graphical login manager.

  • Chapter 13, Basic Network Commands, has been enhanced with information about additional network utilities.

  • Chapter 14, Security, is a new chapter with this edition. It explains how to keep a Slackware Linux system secure.

  • Chapter 17, Emacs, is a new chapter with this edition. It describes how to use Emacs, a powerful editor for Unix.

  • Chapter 18, Package Management, has been updated with information about SlackBuild scripts.

  • There are many other changes, both minor and major, to reflect changes in Slackware as it has matured.

Organization of this Book

Chapter 1, Introduction

Provides introductory material on Linux, Slackware, and the Open Source and Free Software Movements.

Chapter 2, Help

Describes the help resources available on a Slackware Linux system and online.

Chapter 3, Installation

Describes the installation process step-by-step with screenshots to provide an illustrative walk-through.

Chapter 4, System Configuration

Describes the important configuration files and covers kernel recompilation.

Chapter 5, Network Configuration

Describes how to connect a Slackware Linux machine to a network. Covers TCP/IP, PPP/dial-up, wireless networking, and more.

Chapter 6, The X Window System

Describes how to setup and use the graphical X Window System in Slackware.

Chapter 7, Booting

Describes the process by which a computer boots into Slackware Linux. Also covers dual-booting with Microsoft Windows operating systems.

Chapter 8, The Shell

Describes the powerful command line interface for Linux.

Chapter 9, Filesystem Structure

Describes the filesystem structure, including file ownership, permission, and linking.

Chapter 10, Handling Files and Directories

Describes the commands used to manipulate files and directories from the command line interface.

Chapter 11, Process Control

Describes the powerful Linux process management commands used to manage multiple running applications.

Chapter 12, Essential System Administration

Describes basic system administration tasks such as adding and removing users, shutting down the system properly, and more.

Chapter 13, Basic Network Commands

Describes the collection of network clients included with Slackware.

Chapter 14, Security

Describes many different tools available to help keep your Slackware system secure, including iptables and tcpwrappers.

Chapter 15, Archive Files

Describes the different compression and archive utilities available for Linux.

Chapter 16, vi

Describes the powerful vi text editor.

Chapter 17, Emacs

Describes the powerful Emacs text editor.

Chapter 18, Slackware Package Management

Describes the Slackware package utilities and the process used to create custom packages and tagfiles.

Chapter 19, ZipSlack

Describes the ZipSlack version of Linux that can be used from Windows without requiring an installation.

Appendix A, The GNU General Public License

Describes the license terms under which Slackware Linux and this book can be copied and distributed.

Conventions used in this book

To provide a consistent and easy to read text, several conventions are followed throughout the book.

Typographic Conventions
Italic

An italic font is used for commands, emphasized text, and the first usage of technical terms.

Monospace

A monospaced font is used for error messages, commands, environment variables, names of ports, hostnames, user names, group names, device names, variables, and code fragments.

Bold

A bold font is used for user input in examples.

User Input

Keys are shown in bold to stand out from other text. Key combinations that are meant to be typed simultaneously are shown with `+‘ between the keys, such as:

Ctrl+Alt+Del

Meaning the user should type the Ctrl, Alt, and Del keys at the same time.

Keys that are meant to be typed in sequence will be separated with commas, for example:

Ctrl+X, Ctrl+S

Would mean that the user is expected to type the Ctrl and X keys simultaneously and then to type the Ctrl and S keys simultaneously.

Examples

Examples starting with E:\> indicate a MS-DOS® command. Unless otherwise noted, these commands may be executed from a “Command Prompt” window in a modern Microsoft® Windows® environment.

D:\> rawrite a: bare.i

Examples starting with # indicate a command that must be invoked as the superuser in Slackware. You can login as root to type the command, or login as your normal account and use su(1) to gain superuser privileges.

# dd if=bare.i of=/dev/fd0

Examples starting with % indicate a command that should be invoked from a normal user account. Unless otherwise noted, C-shell syntax is used for setting environment variables and other shell commands.

% top

Acknowledgments

This project is the accumulation of months of work by many dedicated individuals. It would not have been possible for me to produce this work in a vacuum. Many people deserve our thanks for their selfless acts: Keith Keller for his work on wireless networking, Joost Kremers for his great work in single-handedly writing the emacs section, Simon Williams for the security chapter, Jurgen Phillippaerts for basic networking commands, Cibao Cu Ali G Colibri for the inspiration and a good kick in the pants. Countless others have sent in suggestions and fixes. An incomplete list includes: Jacob Anhoej, John Yast, Sally Welch, Morgan Landry, and Charlie Law. I’d also like to thank Keith Keller for hosting the mailing list for this project, as well as Carl Inglis for the initial web hosting. Last but not least, I’d like to thank Patrick J. Volkerding for Slackware Linux, and David Cantrell, Logan Johnson, and Chris Lumens for Slackware Linux Essentials 1st Edition. Without their initial framework, none of this would have ever happened. Many others have contributed in small and large ways to this project and have not been listed. I hope they will forgive me for a poor memory.

Alan Hicks, May 2005

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